Studying and Assessment of Water Quality of Euphrates River in Iraq

Ibtihaj Abdulwahhab Abdulrazzak

doi:10.58564/IJSER.4.1.2025.292

Authors

Ibtihaj Abdulwahhab Abdulrazzak Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Al-Iraqia University, Iraq

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.58564/IJSER.4.1.2025.292

Keywords:

Euphrates River, Part per million, Polluted water, Standard allowable values, Water quality

Abstract

One of Iraq's primary water sources, the Euphrates River, was the subject of this water quality assessment. This study set out to evaluate the quality of the water flowing down the Euphrates River in Iraq. Water samples were collected seasonally at seven stations: S1 (Al-Ramadi), S2 (Al-Hilla), S3 (Karbala), S4 (Al-Najaf), S5 (Al-Diwaniya), S6 (Al-Samawa), and S7 (Al-Nasiriyah) from January 2023 to December 2023. Five parameters were analyzed, Hydrogen Ions (pH), and total dissolved solid (TDS). Dissolved oxygen (DO), Nitrate (NO3), and Phosphate (PO4). In the research region of the Euphrates River, seasonal fluctuations in the tested parameters of water varied from one season to the next. The values of these parameters are high in all stations in Summer, and they decrease in Spring. The parameters (pH, DO, NO3, and PO4) in all stations were within the allowable limit of water quality according to the (Iraqi Standards of River Water), while in station (5), the value of TDS exceeded the allowable value in Summer (2750) and Autumn (2600), in stations (6) the values of TDS were exceed the allowable value in all Seasons which reach (2291ppm, 2750 ppm, 1870 ppm, 3120 ppm and 2990 ppm). In stations (7), TDS exceeded the allowable value in all Seasons which reach (2709 ppm, 2305 ppm, 3900 ppm, and 3670 ppm).

References

[1] I. Ahmadianfar, J. Mahdi, “A novel hybrid wavelet-locally weighted linear regression (W-LWLR) model for electrical conductivity (EC) prediction in surface water,” Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 2020, Vol. 232, 103641.

[2] M. Al-Dabbas, I. Al-Ali, M. Husain, “Water Quality Assessment of the Euphrates River from Haditha to Al-Nasiriyah, Iraq,” Iraqi Geological Journal, 2024, 57(2B), p.p. 272-285 .

[3] K. Baraa, J. Alhassany, “Assessment of the Euphrates River’s Water Quality at a Some Sites in the Iraqi Governorates of Babylon and Karbala,” IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science, 2023, 1262(2):022021.

[4] M. Abdul-Razzaq, S. Al-Naseri, “Hydro-chemical study of the water resources in the area between Kifl and Samawa, in the southwest of Iraq,” Iraqi Geological Journal, 2023, 56(2A), p.p. 126 –139.

[5] S. Abdullah, A. Abdullah, M. Ankush, “Assessment of Water Quality in the Euphrates River Southern Iraq,” Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2019, 1029:50(1):221-228.

[6] I. Al-Ali, M. Al-Dabbas, “The Effect of variance discharge on the dissolved salts concentration in the Euphrates River upper reach, Iraq,” Iraqi Journal of Science, 2022, 63.9.16., p.p. 139-152.

[7] S. Al-Sharifi, H. Zwain, Z. Hasan, “Evaluating Surface Water Quality of Euphrates River in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf, Iraq with Water Quality Index (WQI),” Engineering Technology & Applied Science Research (ETASR), 2024, Vol. 14 No. 4, p.p. 15022-15026 .

[8] I. Abdulrazzak, H. Bierk, A. Abdulrazzaq, “Monitoring and evaluation of the water pollution,” IOP Conference Series: 3rd International Conference on Sustainable Engineering Techniques (ICSET 2020), Materials Science and Engineering, 2020, 881, 012101.

[9] A. Abdullah, Modelling Approaches to Understand Salinity Variations in a Highly Dynamic Tidal River: The case of the Shatt Al-Arab River, (PhD thesis, Delft University of Technology and of the Academic Board of the UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education), 2016.

[10] T. Khlif, F. Kizarb, M. Salih, “Assessment of Drinking Water Quality for Euphrates River in Iraq using GIS,” International Journal of Mechanical Engineering, January 2021, Vol. 7 No. 1, ISSN: 0974-5823.

[11] G. Hasham, M. Ramal, “Water Quality Assessment of Euphrates River Within Fallujah City Using Water Quality Indices Technique,” International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics, 2022, Vol. 17, No. 4, p.p. 563-570.

[12] J. Ramírez, R. Parraga, J. Arcos, “Use of Geomatic Techniques for Mapping Suspended Solids in Aquatic Ecosystems: The Case Study of Guayas River, Ecuador,” Engineering Technology & Applied Science Research (ETASR), 2024, Vol. 14 No. 6, p.p. 17650-17656.

[13] N. Al-Ansari, N. Adamo, V. Sissakian, J. Laue, “Water Resources of the Euphrates River Catchment,” journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering, 2018, Vol . 8 No. 3.

[14] V. Bharati, A. Syed, A. Dwivedi, L. Liebminger, Desalination and demineralization in water and used water purification. nanofiltration, reverse osmosis electrodialysis reversal, ion-exchange, and electrodeionization. (Handbook of water and used water purification), Switzerland: Springer Nature, 2024, pp. 221- 249.

[15] Regulation for maintenance of rivers and surface water from pollution/ Iraq, No. 25 of 1967.

[16] S. Ganesh, K. Fahmida, M. Ahmed, P. Velavendan, N. Pandey, U. Mudali, “Spectrophotometric determination of trace amounts of phosphate in water and soil,” Water Science & Technology, 2012, 66(12):2653-8.

[17] B. Mahmood, “Environmental Properties and analysis of the Euphrates River within Anbar Governorate in Iraq,” Iraqi Journal of Desert Studies, 2024, 11 (1), p.p.150-163.

[18] S. Al-Maliki, Z. Al-Khayat, I. Abdulrazzak, A. Alani, “The effectiveness of zeolite for the removal of heavy metals from an oil industry wastewater,” Chemistry and Chemical Technology, 2022, 16(2), pp. 255–258.

[19] L. A. Jawad, Aquatic Ecology Series Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: Their Environment from Headwaters to Mouth, (School of Environmental and Animal Sciences), Unitec Institute of Technology Auckland, New Zealand, Springer Nature Switzerland, 2021.

[20] M. Mohammed, M. Naji, N. Ameen, H. Karkosh, “Assessment of Water Quality for Tigris and Euphrates Water within Iraqi Borders,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2nd International Virtual Conference on Pure Science, 2021, IOP Publishing.

[21] S. F. Kamil, M. N. Al-Turfi, R. S. Almukhtar, “Smart Chemical Material Store System Using IOT and Raspberry PI,” Al-Iraqia Journal for Scientific Engineering Research, 2024, Vol. 3 No. 2, pp. 21-27.