Sarmad A. Ali, Ali Jaber Abdulhamed, Nor Mariah Adam and Hasan Kamil Abbas Al-Gburi 2025. Influence of External Aerodynamic Elements on Characteristic Vehicle Performance: A Comprehensive Review Using Numerical Simulation Method. Al-Iraqia Journal for Scientific Engineering Research. 4, 4 (Dec. 2025), 11–23. DOI:https://doi.org/10.58564/IJSER.4.4.2025.351.